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Jaundice

Getting familiar with jaundice

When one is jaundiced it means that one’s skin and other body parts turn a yellow colour. It is due to a build-up of a chemical called bilirubin in the tissues of the body. Bilirubin is a normal body chemical but can build up to abnormally high levels in various diseases. The whites of the eyes are often the first tissues that are noticed turning yellow when one develops jaundice. If the bilirubin level is only mildly high then this might be the only part of the body where one can detect a yellow colour. With higher levels of bilirubin, the skin also becomes yellow.

The bilirubin – that causes the yellow colour

There are millions of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Each blood cell lasts for about 120 days and is then broken down by cells in the body into various waste chemicals. New red blood cells are being made all the time to replace the ones being broken down. Bilirubin is one of the chemicals that comes from the broken down red cells.

Bilirubin is carried around the bloodstream. As the blood flows through the liver, the liver cells take up the bilirubin. Chemicals in the liver cells slightly alter the structure of the bilirubin to make it water-soluble. This water-soluble bilirubin is called conjugated bilirubin. (The bilirubin in the blood before being taken up by liver cells is called unconjugated bilirubin.)

The liver cells pass out the conjugated bilirubin into tiny tubes called bile ducts. The bilirubin is therefore now part of bile. Bile is a mix of various waste chemicals passed out by the liver cells. (One function of liver cells is to get rid of a range of waste chemicals in the bile.)

There is a network of bile ducts in the liver. They join together (like branches of a tree) to form the larger common bile duct. Bile constantly drips down the tiny bile ducts, into the common bile duct, and into the duodenum (part of the gut – the first part of the small intestine).

The gallbladder lies under the liver. It is like a pouch off the common bile duct, which stores bile. The gallbladder squeezes (contracts) when we eat. This empties the stored bile back into the common bile duct and out into the duodenum. The bilirubin in the bile gives the poo (faeces) the typical brown colour. So, getting rid of bilirubin is a normal process. It is when abnormal amounts of bilirubin build up in the blood that you become jaundiced. And this can happen for many different reasons.

What is the foundation of jaundice?

It is useful to divide the causes of jaundice into four general areas:

Conditions affecting the liver cells.

Conditions affecting the common bile duct outside the liver.

Conditions affecting the red blood cells.

Conditions affecting the tiny bile ducts within the liver.

When are red blood cells affected?

Various conditions cause an increased rate of breakdown of red blood cells. As a result, there is more bilirubin made than usual which then circulates in the blood. The liver cells are unable to keep pace and process the extra bilirubin. Therefore, a backlog of bilirubin builds up in the blood awaiting the liver cells to process it. This increased amount of bilirubin then spills into the tissues of the body to cause jaundice. Conditions that cause an increased rate of breakdown of red blood cells include:

Haemolytic uraemia

Some genetic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia, spherocytosis, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency syndrome, Malaria.

What affects the liver cells?

There are many conditions that affect the liver cells. In some conditions the liver cells are unable to take in the bilirubin very well, so bilirubin builds up in the bloodstream. Sometimes there is a problem with the chemicals (enzymes) within the liver cells that process the bilirubin. Sometimes there is a problem in the way the liver cells pass out the processed bilirubin into the bile ducts. Sometimes, the liver cells are just damaged and all processes of the cell do not work well, or there are a reduced number of liver cells that are working. With these problems, bilirubin may spill into the bloodstream to cause jaundice.

Conditions affecting liver cells that may cause jaundice include:

Hepatitis. This means inflammation of the liver. There are many causes such as infections with one of the hepatitis viruses, some bacterial infections, alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis and inflammation caused by poisons or as a side-effect of some medicines.

Cirrhosis. This is a condition where normal liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis). It tends to progress slowly and often does not cause symptoms in its early stages. However, as the function of the liver gradually becomes worse, serious problems can develop and jaundice may occur.

Hereditary defects in the chemicals (enzymes) that process bilirubin in liver cells. These include Gilbert’s syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Rotor’s syndrome. Gilbert’s syndrome is very common, affecting about 1 in 20 people. It typically causes only very mild jaundice from time to time. The other hereditary defects are rare.

How are the tiny bile ducts affected?

If the tiny bile ducts within the liver become damaged or narrowed then the flow of bile is restricted. A backlog of bile (which contains bilirubin) then spills into the bloodstream. Various conditions can affect or damage the bile ducts in this way. Ex: Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), Side effects of medicines & Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

How is the common bile duct affected?

The bile from all the tiny bile ducts in the liver drains into the common bile duct. If the common bile duct becomes narrowed or blocked (obstructed) then bile which contains bilirubin can seep out into the bloodstream and cause jaundice. This is sometimes called obstructive jaundice or post-hepatic jaundice (hepatic is another word for liver). Conditions that can cause this include:

Gallstones: Gallstones occur when bile, which is normally fluid, forms stones. Most gallstones form in the gallbladder and do not cause any problem. Jaundice is an uncommon complication of gallstones. It occurs if a gallstone comes out of the gallbladder, but gets stuck in the common bile duct. Bile then cannot pass into the gut, and so seeps into the bloodstream.

Pancreatic Cancer: in the head of the pancreas can block the flow of bile.

Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis):can cause swelling of the pancreas which may blockthe flow of bile.

Biliary atresia. In this condition part, or all, of the bile ducts become inflamed. This then leads to scarring (fibrosis) and narrowing and blockage of the bile ducts. The cause is not clear.

Cancer of the gallbladder may grow to block the common bile duct.

Valuations and investigations to be done

If you become jaundiced you should seek urgent medical consultation. As discussed above, there are various causes – some more common than others, and some more serious than others. It is vital to get the correct diagnosis, as the treatment and outlook (prognosis) can vary greatly, depending on the cause. However, sometimes, finding the cause can be a bit of a detective process and is not always easy or straightforward.

Certain symptoms and signs are associated with some causes of jaundice and not others.However, tests are usually needed to confirm an exact diagnosis:

Various blood tests are usually done. These will show whether the raised level of bilirubin is unconjugated or conjugated . This can help to narrow down the possible causes of jaundice. Blood tests can also measure various liver enzymes (Liver function tests) which help to show if the liver is inflamed or working well. Blood tests can also detect certain viruses or markers of other infections that can affect the liver. Various other more detailed blood tests may be needed.

Urine tests may help to show if the levels of various chemicals in the blood are raised. This can help to narrow down the possible causes of jaundice.

Ultrasound scan of the liver, common bile duct and pancreas may identify a cause. In particular, it can often identify the cause of any blockage to the common bile duct. For example, a gallstone or cancer of the pancreas.

MRI Scan of the liver may be useful.

A sample of the liver, taken to look at under the microscope (Liver biopsy),or other more complex tests may be needed if the diagnosis is still in doubt.

Neonatal Jaundice

We must always get a doctor to see a baby who is jaundiced. It is often not serious, but some cases are serious and need further tests and treatment. Jaundice in newborn babies can be divided up into the common physiological jaundice, and other causes.

Physiological jaundice

It is common for newborn babies to develop mild jaundice when they are 2-3 days old. It is due to a mild increase in the breakdown of red blood cells combined with a liver that is not quite fully functioning. The liver soon matures and the jaundice begins to disappear towards the end of the first week and has gone by day 10. The baby is well and has no other problems.

Other elements

The are various other causes of jaundice in newborn babies. Some are due to serious disease of the blood, liver or other problems. As a rule, the jaundice is not likely to be physiological jaundice if the baby is unwell, and/or the jaundice is present in the first 24 hours after birth or lasts for more than 10 days.

CONCLUSION:

When having jaundice one’s skin and other body parts turn a yellow colour. It is due to a build-up of a chemical called bilirubin in the tissues of the body. There are many conditions that can cause jaundice – some more serious than others. It is vital to diagnose the cause. The treatment and outlook (prognosis) depend on the cause.